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The current challenges and future prospects of aptamers will also be discussed to provide a direction for the research and development of aptamers. Then we will focus on a variety of aptamer-based biosensors for infection detecting and the state-of-the-art aptamer therapeutics and drug delivery systems in the precision treatment of infectious diseases. In this review, the recent advances of SELEX technologies for aptamer selecting of infectious pathogens will be overviewed. Based on the above advantages, nucleic acid aptamers have been explored as the most promising molecular recognition probes to widely applied in the field of the identification of infectious agents and the therapeutic of infectious diseases. To date, thousands of aptamers have been identified, which can be used to identify different targets with high affinity and specificity, such as small metal ions, organic molecules, amino acids, proteins, bacteria, viruses, whole cells and even animals ( Cowperthwaite and Ellington, 2008 Zhou and Rossi, 2017). Aptamers have attracted considerable attention because of their exceptional merits such as low synthesis cost, easy chemical modification, high chemical stability and binding affinity, low immunogenicity, good repeatability and reusability ( Hong and Sooter, 2015 Yu et al., 2021). These folding 3D structures can increase sequence space coverage and improve space representation, which are beneficial for aptamer-target recognition, thus improving the specificity and affinity of the screened aptamers ( Kinghorn et al., 2017). DNA aptamers are more stable and widely used, while RNA aptamers are more likely to form complex structures such as stem, loop, hairpin, G-quadruplex and so on ( Breaker, 1997 Lin and Patel, 1997 Wu et al., 2017). Those aptamers are synthetic screened in vitro by a selection procedure, commonly known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop rapid, economic, and sensitive early diagnostic assays for pathogens, and also adequate therapeutics of precision medicine for infectious diseases.Īptamers, also known as “chemical antibodies”, are a class of single-stranded DNAs or RNAs which can target various ligands through non-covalent bonds. In addition, the existence of antibiotic-resistant microbes such as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and methicillin-and aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MARSA) brings greater challenges to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases ( Fauci et al., 2005 Tan Z. Existing pathogen detection methods are difficult to achieve a balance between timeliness, accuracy and cost to meet the requirements of large-scale population screening. Over the past decades, the sudden public health crises including Ebola hemorrhagic fevers, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), as well as COVID-19, have swept out the world and caused a significant impact on society inevitably ( Del Rio et al., 2014 Liu et al., 2017 Lycett et al., 2020 Wiersinga et al., 2020 Perra, 2021). Because of the characteristics of contagion and epidemic, infectious diseases not only endanger public health but also pose serious threats and huge losses to social stability and economic development. Infectious diseases which result from pathogenic microorganisms become one of the most important illnesses in the world ( Mosing et al., 2005 Giri et al., 2019). The challenges and the future development in this field of clinical application will also be discussed. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest development of SELEX technology and focus on the applications of aptamer-based technologies in infectious diseases, such as targeted drug-delivery, treatments and biosensors for diagnosing. Aptamers, which were screened by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), can bind to targets with high affinity and specificity so that have exciting potential in both diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Accurate and rapid diagnostics tools for early recognition of the pathogen, as well as individualized precision therapy are essential for controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are considered as a pressing challenge to global public health. 2The First People’s Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu/West China (Airport)Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
1Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.Yixin Xu 1 †, Xin Jiang 1 †, Yanhong Zhou 1, Ming Ma 1,2, Minjin Wang 1* and Binwu Ying 1*